Fox nuts have traditionally been harvested by diving without breathing equipment to a depth of 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) in freshwater ponds. This is arduous, with skin hazards from mud and the plant's thorns. In the 21st century, the National Research Centre for Makhana has pioneered the plant's cultivation in fields flooded to a depth of 30 cm (12 in) which makes production and harvesting easier. The area of land devoted to fox nut production has increased to 35,000 ha (86,000 acres) by 2022. The centre has developed a more productive variety, increasing farm income, and is designing a harvesting machine.
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